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Stalin and the Scientists: A History of Triumph and Tragedy, 1905–1953 Kindle Edition

4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 132 ratings

“One of the finest, most gripping surveys of the history of Russian science in the twentieth century.” —Douglas Smith, author of Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy
 
Stalin and the Scientists tells the story of the many gifted scientists who worked in Russia from the years leading up to the revolution through the death of the “Great Scientist” himself, Joseph Stalin. It weaves together the stories of scientists, politicians, and ideologues into an intimate and sometimes horrifying portrait of a state determined to remake the world. They often wreaked great harm. Stalin was himself an amateur botanist, and by falling under the sway of dangerous charlatans like Trofim Lysenko (who denied the existence of genes), and by relying on antiquated ideas of biology, he not only destroyed the lives of hundreds of brilliant scientists, he caused the death of millions through famine.
 
But from atomic physics to management theory, and from radiation biology to neuroscience and psychology, these Soviet experts also made breakthroughs that forever changed agriculture, education, and medicine. A masterful book that deepens our understanding of Russian history,
Stalin and the Scientists is a great achievement of research and storytelling, and a gripping look at what happens when science falls prey to politics.
 
Longlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction in 2016
 
A New York Times Book Review “Paperback Row” selection
 
“Ings’s research is impressive and his exposition of the science is lucid . . . Filled with priceless nuggets and a cast of frauds, crackpots and tyrants, this is a lively and interesting book, and utterly relevant today.” —
The New York Times Book Review
 
“A must read for understanding how the ideas of scientific knowledge and technology were distorted and subverted for decades across the Soviet Union.” —
The Washington Post

Editorial Reviews

Review

Praise for Stalin and the Scientists:

Longlisted for the 2016 Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction

“Ings’s research is impressive and his exposition of the science is lucid . . . Filled with priceless nuggets and a cast of frauds, crackpots and tyrants, this is a lively and interesting book, and utterly relevant today.” —Simon Sebag Montefiore,
The New York Times Book Review

“[Ings] is a gifted writer . . . A good single source for anyone approaching Soviet science for the first time . . .
Stalin and the Scientists deserves attention . . . It is based on an impressive amount of study, and most readers will learn a great deal.” —Loren Graham, The Wall Street Journal

“Ings’s finely crafted and informative book is a must read for understanding how the ideas of scientific knowledge and technology were distorted and subverted for decades across the Soviet Union, all in the service of the most ambitious experiment in social engineering the world has ever witnessed.” —
The Washington Post

“[A] monumental chronicle . . . Ings ably tweezers the discoveries and disasters out of this political train-wreck.”—
Nature

“In
Stalin and the Scientists, Simon Ings, culture editor at New Scientist (UK), very effectively relates a set of stories—compelling, often horrifying, sometimes both at once—of the most singular period in the history of Russian science.” —American Scholar

“An engrossing and disturbing cautionary tale illustrating the dangers that arise when rigid state ideology collides with scientific reality.” —
Booklist

“[A] lively book . . . This is a fascinating story of brilliant scientists and charlatans, of visionaries and careerists, of civic courage and moral cowardice. The author explains the scientific issues in a clear and simple way, so the reader is aware of the issues at stake.” —
The Guardian

“Endlessly entertaining . . . An amusing book . . . [Ings’] storytelling skill is everywhere evident; the book . . . is lively, dramatic, intriguing, and often very funny. Ings also has a wonderful ability to explain complex notions.” —
Times (UK)

“Ings tells his story with vigour . . . The bewildering array of scientists, philosophers and politicians is matched by the impressive range of topics that Ings discusses.” —
New Statesman (UK)

“An artful synthesis of basic science and political infighting.” —
The Daily Telegraph

“[Ings] has an eye for the interactions between the worlds of the laboratory, the print room and the corridors of power . . .
Stalin and the Scientists is a fascinating read. Well researched and written in a lively and engaging style, it grips like a good novel would.” —Sunday Business Post (UK)

“A great book . . . A vast tapestry of Russian history from the mid-19th century . . . The great themes and contributions of Russian science . . . are illustrated with detailed examples, anecdotes and apt quotations.” —
Scotland on Sunday

“In
Stalin and the Scientists, Simon Ings has produced one of the finest, most gripping surveys of the history of Russian science in the twentieth century. Deeply researched and written with a sense of burning importance, Ings’ book ranges widely from politics to philosophy, from economics to biography to recount the monumental successes of Russian scientists and the Soviet State’s Mephistophelean embrace of the scientific community. It is a fascinating work that both inspires and terrifies.” —Douglas Smith, author of Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy

“A dazzling, often astonishing prism through which to view the Soviet experiment” —Peter Pomerantsev, author of
Nothing is True and Everything is Possible: The Surreal Heart of the New Russia

About the Author

Simon Ings, a science writer and novelist, is the author of A Natural History of Seeing: The Art and Science of Vision. He edits the culture section of New Scientist and regularly contributes to publications including the Guardian, Times, Telegraph, Independent, and Nature. He lives and works in London.

Product details

  • ASIN ‏ : ‎ B01LFQ6QQE
  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Atlantic Monthly Press (February 21, 2017)
  • Publication date ‏ : ‎ February 21, 2017
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • File size ‏ : ‎ 8.2 MB
  • Text-to-Speech ‏ : ‎ Enabled
  • Screen Reader ‏ : ‎ Supported
  • Enhanced typesetting ‏ : ‎ Enabled
  • X-Ray ‏ : ‎ Enabled
  • Word Wise ‏ : ‎ Enabled
  • Print length ‏ : ‎ 565 pages
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 132 ratings

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Simon Ings
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I began my career writing science fiction stories, novels and films, before widening my brief to explore perception (The Eye: A Natural History), 20th-century radical politics (The Weight of Numbers), the shipping system (Dead Water) and augmented reality (Wolves). A spot of mid-career ghost-writing once had me being rescued from a tree by Ben (of Ben & Jerry's) in the middle of a hurricane. Back home I co-founded and edited Arc magazine, a digital publication about the future, before joining New Scientist magazine as its arts editor. I split my time between a penthouse in Dubai (not mine) and a freezing cold flat in London, writing op-eds and reviews for The Spectator and the occasional broadsheet.

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4.4 out of 5 stars
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Customers find the book entertaining and well-written. They describe it as a great read that is like reading a historical gossip.

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5 customers mention "Humor"5 positive0 negative

Customers enjoy the book's humor. They find it entertaining and engaging, like reading a historical gossip. The author has a sense of humor, and the book is praised as one of the best reads this year.

"Very well written, an entertaining textbook. The author has a sense of humor. Facts and insights tossed out that I never heard before...." Read more

"Love how’s written, it’s like reading a gossip just an historical gossip and it show evidence of what he’s saying so it credible, very amusing to..." Read more

"Fascinating although depressing account of the attitude of the Communist Party in general and Stalin in particular toward science and scientists...." Read more

"An excellent book that provides a timely look into the role that science and scientists play in a challenging political climate...." Read more

3 customers mention "Writing quality"3 positive0 negative

Customers appreciate the book's writing quality. They find it well-written and entertaining.

"Very well written, an entertaining textbook. The author has a sense of humor. Facts and insights tossed out that I never heard before...." Read more

"Love how’s written, it’s like reading a gossip just an historical gossip and it show evidence of what he’s saying so it credible, very amusing to..." Read more

"A very readable, up to date story of a difficult historical period. I can strongl recommend it." Read more

Top reviews from the United States

  • Reviewed in the United States on August 6, 2022
    Very well written, an entertaining textbook. The author has a sense of humor. Facts and insights tossed out that I never heard before. I rank this as one of the bet books I've read this year.
  • Reviewed in the United States on May 23, 2022
    Love how’s written, it’s like reading a gossip just an historical gossip and it show evidence of what he’s saying so it credible, very amusing to read and fun to learn. Recommended.
  • Reviewed in the United States on July 18, 2018
    I found this book on the pursuit of science in the Soviet Union amid the constraints of Soviet ideology and communism to be fascinating. The author starts his coverage with the pre-revolutionary years and largely ends it in 1953 with the death of Stalin. The irony is that the Bolsheviks / Soviets liked to assert proudly that their society was the first "scientifically organized state" and economy in the history of the world, and emphasized science enthusiastically, yet Soviet science lagged far behind the west in critical areas due to ideological impediments. Of course, Soviet science did have some remarkable accomplishments like Sputnik and building an atom bomb only four years after the U.S. (with some espionage help), but these were largely confined to the physical sciences.

    In Soviet ideology, pure science was rebuked as "idealism" and the much preferred applied science (where engineers could apply the discoveries of more practical-minded scientists) was viewed as a closer reflection of "materialism", the official philosophy of the state, and also as more beneficial to the "masses." Ideologues would invoke scientists to incorporate the "class struggle" and "dialectical materialism" in their work, and hounded scientists with bourgeois backgrounds as "social aliens" who often lost their funding and organizational support.

    To me, a fascinating aspect of Soviet science covered in this book is the regime's (including, most importantly, Stalin's) support of Lamarckism, or the inheritance of acquired characteristics. It's probably fitting that a revolutionary state intent on building the "new Soviet man" and radically remaking society would emphasize Lamarckism over genetics in order to force the pace of social, economic, and agricultural development. Genetics, and Francis Crick's "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" whereby genetic information to build an organism flows in only one direction, and that is from genotype to phenotype, or stated another way, from nucleic acids to proteins, were largely ignored in Soviet science, and it seems largely because genetic changes were too slow compared to environmental changes. It didn't help the fate of Soviet genetics that its most brilliant practitioners had bourgeois class origins and thus were suspect. The leading Soviet geneticist, Nikolai Vavilov died in the gulag.

    The demise of Soviet genetics can be largely attributed to the power of one man, Trofim Lysenko, who dominated Soviet agriculture and much of the life sciences for over three decades. He was a "barefoot scientist" of humble origins, and thus a favorite of Stalin's. He was a Lamarckist in Stalin's mold and believed that applying environmental effects on seeds, e.g., cold, moisture, could triple crop yields. Lysenkoism as a movement rejected the concept of the gene, disagreed with natural selection as the motive force behind evolution, and had over 3,000 mainstream biologists fired or sent to prison with many being executed. Needless to say, the prolonged failures of Soviet agriculture can be traced to Lysenko's great influence on Stalin and the Soviet state. (It has been reported that the current developments in epigenetics and the impact on "gene expression" have resurrected Lysenko's reputation among a few Russian nationalists. I'm not a biologist, but it seems to me that affecting gene expression does not alter the genome itself, and without a clear and simple mechanism for changing the genome in favorable ways, i.e., NOT bombarding flies with x-rays, I don't see how Lamarckism is saved by epigenetics.)

    Ivan Pavlov, the Russian physiologist, is covered at some length. While he was wary of the Soviet regime, he was protected because of his international reputation. And of course, his classical conditioning experiments fit well with Soviet ideology and the state's efforts to remold a "new man." In fact, the Lysenkoist ideologues asserted that Pavlov's "conditioned reflexes" became "unconditioned reflexes" in the next generation, a pure expression of Lamarckism. It was intriguing to learn that what resurrected Soviet genetics in the 1960s and beyond was classifying it as a branch of physics, i.e., an information science.

    Finally, here are a few anecdotal gems from the book that I found instructive: (1) Stalin to Beria: "Leave them (the physicists) in peace. We can always shoot them later." (P. 392), (2) Einstein's relativity theory was mocked by party ideologists for being "idealist" and not "materialist.", (3) a Soviet biologist named Olga Lepesinskaya asserted that "cells need not be formed from other cells" and "demonstrated" this by filming the death and decomposition of cells, and running the film backwards through the projector. (P. 381) And for this, she received the Stalin Prize in 1950!, (4) Lysenko believed that his clustered plants would "help" each other by selectively removing themselves from the plot of ground in an almost purposive way.
    9 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on October 7, 2020
    The book is brilliant in outling what tyrants do. It is difficult to fathom how they think. But it seems they have less concern for the lives in their charge than most of us have about ants we might step on. We might be in one of those cycles as I we speak. A belief in "science" that even on its face is nuts. Hitler, Stalin, Mao have similar styles, beliefs and results. Millions dead because of crackpot ideas by some nut who flatted them. This book is so packed I read it twice.
    4 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on April 8, 2017
    Fascinating although depressing account of the attitude of the Communist Party in general and Stalin in particular toward science and scientists. The book focuses mainly on the fields of biology and genetics, although there is some discussion regarding chemistry and physics. For an ideology that claimed to be "scientific," the Communist Party was remarkably intolerant of diverse scientific theories and ideas.

    There is extensive discussion on the absolutely murderous treatment of those scientists who were involved in the study of genetics and applied biology. Much text is devoted to the ruinous effects of Trofim Lysenko's crackpot theories on Soviet agriculture and on the lives of scientists who dared to criticize him.

    For a highly detailed story of the scientific effort devoted to developing the Soviet bomb project, I recommend "Stalin and the Bomb" by Holloway (1994). For a really excellent biography of Soviet nuclear physicists and chemists, I recommend "Buried Glory: Portraits of Soviet Scientists" by Hargittai (2013).
    19 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on July 24, 2019
    The intersection of science and politics is vividly portrayed. The consequences, documented with observable evidence, are graphic. The idiom is the USSR; however, the occurrences Can be witnessed any place Where politics attempts to marshall science to re-engineer a country. This should be required reading for aspiring scientists and a lesson on what political myopia, greed, and ignorance can do to transform science into ineffective, destructive cults.
    5 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on March 26, 2017
    An excellent book that provides a timely look into the role that science and scientists play in a challenging political climate. While not exactly the same, I think there are a lot of lessons to be learned and applied to our current political climate.
    5 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on April 10, 2017
    A very readable, up to date story of a difficult historical period. I can strongl recommend it.
    4 people found this helpful
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Top reviews from other countries

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  • Berenice
    4.0 out of 5 stars Opinion
    Reviewed in Mexico on September 26, 2017
    El autor hace un análisis bueno, en términos generales, de la condiciones en las que se desarrolló el aparato científico de la ex URSS.
  • Amazon Customer
    5.0 out of 5 stars A terrible warning of the dangers of subverting science to politics
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on August 28, 2019
    This is a book for our time. A time when equivalence and false binary choice are traducing reason and encouraging the acceptance of notions which have no coherent basis. We live in a world where ignorant climate change deniers are given the same airtime as those who've done the research that the former just wave away. Where politicians have "no need of experts".

    The villains listed in this book wrecked the agricultural integrity of Russia to glorify themselves. They died unrepentant.

    There are those today whose wrecking continues. But closer to home.
  • Thomas De Vries
    4.0 out of 5 stars History and Tragedy of an Era
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on April 8, 2023
    Item reviewed: p/b 2017

    Overview

    Bolsheviks wanted the Revolution to create a new era of plenty underpinned by applied science. This book traces the uncertain way that played out amongst the turbulence of the Stalinist period, and how contradictions eventually aided the downfall of the Soviet Union.

    Detail

    According to the book, back at the Revolution, the Bolshevik promise was that if you threw yourself whole-heartedly into your dreams, refused to accommodate reality, and focussed single-mindedly, then the world will shape itself to your will. Many tried this, mostly with disastrous results. It was a heroic failure: by the time of the USSR's fall, it had the world's best-funded scientific establishment, the largest national health service, and the most sophisticated planned economy. But there was a paucity of finished goods in the shops, there existed pollution, construction projects of little worth, a huge waste of resources, and the Soviet Union had to import grain to feed its people. It was particularly this last that helped to bring about the downfall.

    Contrary to popular belief in the West, there was a thriving scientific establishment at the time of the Revolution. But the Russian Academy of Sciences was seen as "bourgeois" and therefore unreliable, a bunch of old-timers wedded to theory ("ideological"), as opposed to dynamic "applied" scientists who were now needed to go out and realise the new Communist dawn.

    In this all-hands-on-deck situation, everyone was given a chance, provided they said the right things. But a preference for working-class origins, and for those particularly good at presenting themselves, meant that opportunists were allowed to propose all kinds of schemes, many of them crackpot, and ultimately damage the nation. Principal among these was Trofim Lysenko. He promised to improve the Soviet agricultural yield year after year, and falsified the results. He had a number of advantages in the Soviet system, being working-class, self-taught, and rarely making the mistake of taking part in argument. Also he was a Lamarckian not a Darwinian, believing in the inheritance of acquired characteristics. In the eyes of the Party, Communism was an overarching science that subsumed all other sciences, and Lamarckism was part of the "science". Stalin supported comrade Lysenko against all the best arguments and evidence (not that Stalin really listened, of course). And after the death of Stalin, the next Soviet dictator, Nikolai Khruschev, again lionised Lysenko, for much the same reasons.

    The book mainly deals with the situation in the agricultural and genetic sectors, but also describes other areas, both scientific like the purges of scientists and the atomic bomb project overseen by the KGB chief Lavrenty Beria, and non-scientific like the accession of Stalin, pogroms and the famines. Several individual careers are followed across the book, not only Lysenko's but also those of Nikolai Vavilov (died in the Gulag), Hermann Muller (fled to America before he was shot), Nikolai Koltsov (disgraced but died in bed), Izaak Prezent (a philosopher who supported Lysenko), Ivan Pavlov (who was misrepresented as a Lamarckian after his death) and Nikolai Timofeev-Ressovsky (sentenced to death but reprieved to work in the Gulag) amongst others.

    The author inadvertently makes a case for modern slavery, when he describes the sharashka system. If you imprison professional people (perhaps on false charges) in somewhat comfortable work camps in Siberia, but make the alternative brutal enough, then apparently they will work cheerfully and reliably on whatever tasks you set them. A far cry from a day in the life of Ivan Denisovich.

    The book is well-written, except that in order to follow the threads in different spheres of activity, there are are overlapping timelines. You may find yourself reading about the doings of someone who died in an earlier chapter.

    The book is well-referenced and there is a reasonable index.
  • O. Hernandez Camarillo
    1.0 out of 5 stars horriblemente aburrido. No aporta absolutamente nada.
    Reviewed in Mexico on February 22, 2021
    lamentablemente no pude devolverlo pues prolongué su tiempo de lectura a otras fuentes más atractivas. No aporta absolutamente nada a otras fuentes más completas. Aburrido y nada interesante.
  • Mr. M. Herbert
    5.0 out of 5 stars Covers new areas comprehensively
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2017
    Interesting book in many ways. Covers an area not previously dealt with. The contents are alarming and at times, frankly border on the incredulous . It’s hard to accept that Stalin, who for all his villainous conduct, was so easily taken in by some incompetents, but was equally inclined to promote his own appallingly inadequate scientific acumen by exploiting furtherance of some barmy cronies. The conclusion can only be - just how did the Soviet system endure for so long with such incompetence at such high levels.

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